The power decisions that could shape the next century

The AI-driven power boom is forcing a once-in-a-generation decision about how America's electricity system should grow. The big picture: For decades, utilities planned around predictable increases in demand. AI is changing that.State of play: Data centers now seek amounts of electricity that used to be associated with entire cities — raising questions about who pays for new infrastructure, who gets access to scarce power and how quickly projects can connect to the grid.Driving the news: Debates are unfolding at the nation's largest grid operator, PJM, and at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.Some proposals would allow data centers to connect directly to power plants or generate their own power on site, at least initially operating outside the broader electricity grid.Zoom out: Those debates reflect a broader question facing regulators across the country: how to handle massive new electricity users.What we're watching: Multiple decisions will unfold over months and years, with a key decision by the federal agency expected as soon as this month.The outcomes will influence electricity prices, reliability and the pace of AI development.The bottom line: Decisions now being made by regulators, utilities and technology companies could determine whether the AI boom accelerates a historic expansion of the electric grid — or creates a parallel power system alongside it.This story is part of an Axios Deep Dive on the policy debates shaping America's future. Read more in the series:America's killer app: The dollar as the world's currencyAI oversight gap could leave a lasting legacyThe fight over America's vaccine futureABC's FCC battle could redefine press freedomAmerica's race categories face a stress test